Editing Blog

The editing process of the pop videos was a long and challenging task. Overall we spent about fifteen to twenty hours editing the video in total. We edited our video using Final Cut Pro and also using Adobe After Effects to colour correct. The reason for this is when we shot our pop video the lighting on the set was always being changed as we couldn’t seem to get it just right, therefore we were always white balancing and the colour was always being changed so when we came to edit all the shots together to make the video, a lot of the shots were different colours. Therefore by colour correcting it the colour would all be even and the video appear smooth.

To start off editing our music video we tried to drop our favourite shots in and pick out the best bits of the shot, this way we would have a very rough cut of the video with all our favourite clips. As well as that we also tried to roughly follow the storyboard, however we only managed to do that for the first half of our video before going off on our own tangent. This is how we arrived at our rough cut.

Our final cut came as we started to fine tune the video, after consulting with Luke who recommended we changed our video slightly, we decided to re-edit the slow parts of the song in the video. This is due to the fact that it would look more creative that way and also give the video more of an appearance of having more elements to it. By changing the slower bits of the song to slow motion shots and keeping the regular, faster timed shots to a fast cut-to-the-beat sequence it not only gave the video a new element but it also gave the video a unique modern twist. Slow motion is very modern and by incorporating both lip-synced and slow motion into the video, we subverted one of the regular conventions of pop videos, as many videos have all the lyrics lip-synced. Hopefully in doing this we also managed to sell our song more effectively as our band itself is unique and modern and now so is our music video.

I would say when editing our video we decided to use discontinuity editing, we chose this approach as it created a modern effect for the video. Due to the fact our video did not have a narrative meant that we could play around with discontinuity. Considering we wanted to put across our bands more modern feel this is why we chose discontinuity editing. It also gave a more abnormal feel to the video again giving it a unique quality. We also used Negus’ conventions of a pop video to help us edit our video, we edited to the beat which helps the viewer stay connected to the video and as well as that we kept most of our shots short and quick. However at the beginning of our video I believe we may have subverted this convention as our opening shot is about ten seconds long. For a shot in a pop video this is a very long time, especially as it is our opening shot, but not only that the shot is slow motion as well. However I believe that it works to set up the smooth, bohemian style of our band and their modern sound. Again by trying something new we are keeping the band modern.

I believe in our editing and our filming we used the composition rules to our advantage in selling our bands image, as well as that we also used tracking, slow motion and several close-up to make the viewer feel more connected and personal with our singer and help them understand the song. As you can see in this first shot we used fades to keep the video smooth and relaxed, similar to the feel of the song at thistime. By doing this the viewer can get a feel for the music but as well as that they can really see the soft side to our singer and see her connection with the music.

As you can see in the next shot the fact that we put our singer inside a cage helps convey to the viewer that she feels trapped and that perhaps she is hiding a dark secret and that is why she is in the cage, the lyrics at this point do help. She is trying to break out of this perfect world with pretty flowers and a fake façade almost to tell the truth of a bad deed she has done. You may also notice that we used the rule of thirds in this shot to keep the viewers in a comfortable zone on the hot spots.

This shot is a still of the tracking we used within the video, we used this at the more upbeat point in the song. By using tracking it gave the video another dimension and made it slightly more diverse and edgy.

The next shot shows the slow motion of the feathers we used in the video, this shot with the slow feathers shows a the singer as very feminine, gentle, slightly edgy and it has a certain niceness to it. It definitely helps sell the image of the band and the song.

Shoot Day

The flowers we put on the swing.

We arrived in the studio early on the 8th of November ready to get started on the shooting of our music video. We got the lead singer straight into her outfit and started getting her hair and make-up done. Meanwhile we put the finishing touches on our set on the big cage. We had bought plastic flowers and ivy from ‘Nottcuts’ a garden centre and decorated the plain swing rope with the ivy and flowers. This was in an effort to make the swing appear more thematic. Finally at about ten o’clock we were finally ready to start shooting however we realized slightly earlier that we did not have any dry ice available for our shoot, therefore we had to try and make-do with a regular smoke machine. During the first take (wide shot) the smoke just ended up filling the room and surrounding Karis (our lead singer) with smoke making the visibility very poor. Therefore we had to get somebody to wave a piece of cardboard to try and keep the smoke on the floor. I was the cameraman, Gabby was on playback and Sophie waved the cardboard. After about two or three takes we decided the smoke wasn’t working and so we scrapped the smoke and moved on without it. However we realized that the shots didn’t look good with the studio floor so we had to think quickly to find a solution, we luckily managed to get a massive black sheet that covered the whole studio floor from the theatre department and with that we managed to film wide shots of the cage. This in fact ended up working better for us as it made the set appear deeper than it actually was. We then shot mid-shots and close-ups till about eleven and after that we did tracking shots. We tried to get all the shots with the cage in before lunch so that we could move onto the band shots in the afternoon. Unfortunately we fell a bit behind on schedule and we had to shoot the feather shots in the cage after lunch so the band shots were left till later on.

Karis getting her make-up done.

The smoke filling the studio room.

The feather shots were the most interesting and most time consuming to shoot. We filmed them using slow motion and regular time, this gave us a really nice diverse range of shots to pick from. The slow motion shots looked really interesting and extremely visually creative. To shoot the shots with feathers falling down we bundled a huge amount of feathers into a device made by the media staff that consisted of a black sheet with holes in it and two wooden stick running down either side, this aloud feathers to fall through the holes gracefully instead of clumps of feathers falling in front of the camera. We sent one person up the ladder and another up the cherry picker and on the right cue they shook the feathers. As well as that we also had a fan blowing to make the feathers float about more but we also had several people throwing feathers onto the fan and people throwing feathers in front of the camera to give the appearance of more feathers. After each shot was finished the hard task of collecting up all the feathers to re-shoot began, this in itself was very time consuming and we couldn’t use a Hoover to suck them up faster as we would have damaged the feathers therefore after each take we had to collect up all the feathers again and again.

Picking up all the feathers after each take.

We shot the band shots around three o’clock and due to the fact we were running behind schedule we had to do these very quickly and it was quite rushed. I think due to this fact the shots weren’t that great, as the band didn’t have time to zone in and get into it. They all seemed a bit stiff and unfocused, it probably didn’t help that they didn’t know how to play their instruments but unfortunately it didn’t go so well with the band as we had hoped.

The band getting ready for a take.

We wrapped at about four thirty and had to strip the set and clear up so the next group could set up. This was quite quick however we had to take the big black, heavy sheet back to the theatre and clean it to get rid of at the feathers and dirt on it from the shoot. This took at least the good part of an hour but once we had completed that job we had finished for the day.

We didn’t seem to have a huge amount problems through the day however as I previously mentioned the finding of the black sheet to cover the studio floor was quite a problem as we were originally told we would have dry ice that would cover the floor however none turned up on the day so we had to find a solution. Another difficulty we had during the day was with the lighting of our set, due to the fact our singing, Karis, was in a cage, it caused problems when trying to light it as there were a lot of shadows on her face. So we were constantly changing the lighting to try and get it right for the whole set as it seemed to be lighter and darker in different areas of the cage, which also meant we were constantly changing the white balance. We ended up not only using the original lighting that we set but we also brought in two Redheads to shine light one the front of the cage to stop vertical lines on Karis’ face. However the problem could never fully be solved as no matter were you placed the lights the cage bars were always going to create shadows somewhere.

Using the JCV500 camera to film.

For the whole shoot we used the JCV500 camera that was an HD camera. This allowed us to shoot our video in high definition and therefore it will be better quality. We used tracking as well to capture a 180 degree angle of the set in a few of the shots, to do this we used a Vinton tripod and tracked both left to right and right to left. This allowed us to capture the cage from interesting angles and give us some more diversity in our shot choice. We also used the cherry picker to get a crane style shot from above the cage of the swing spinning round. We also shot this in slow motion that gave a beautiful and thematic look to the shot.

There were several shots that worked for me, one was the feather shots simply because the feathers look really delicate and beautiful falling around Karis as she sings and because it gives the viewer a centre of interest however because the feathers are falling around her it gives the viewer more to take in and focus on, it is aesthetically pleasing. Another was the tracking shots as I think the movement and angles very creative and interesting and will hopefully look more diverse in the video instead of the conventional, mid-shot, wide-shot and close-up. Also as I previously mentioned I think the slow motion shots of the swing twirling round are visually interesting and as her face passes through each hot spot I think it will hopefully give the viewer as pleasing and intimae feel.

Shooting above the cage for a crane effect.

I think that the band shots did not work very well, I don’t think they were set up that well in that the positioning of all the members wasn’t that great, we had to quickly shoot it in the corner of the studio in quite a cramped space and get all the feathers back out to shoot the band in feathers. As a whole none of the band shots really worked which was very disappointing as it would have added a performance element to the video, however none of the shots visually worked and the composition of the shots was quite poor. However we did manage to get a few good close-ups of hands playing instruments but without an establishing shot of the band none of them work.

I think overall the shoot went rather well, our lead singer Karis was absolutely fantastic performance wise, she knew all her words, took direction really well and really gave it her all every time. The shots that we got I was very pleased with and I was so glad that the shots of the feathers turned out as good as we had hoped if not better. Yes it was disappointing that we couldn’t get any decent band shots but I am sure we can work around that and edit the video differently. Overall it was a really enjoyable day and I think it was a great experience working on a project and seeing it come alive.

The feathers falling during one of the shots.

Making the Set

Call Sheet

We prepared the call sheet which is like the 'bible' of the shoot. On the day you can refer to the call sheet and everything you need to know should be in there, from the crews phone numbers to the whole storyboard.

This is our Call Sheet.

Call Sheet

BIRD SONG

MONDAY 8^th NOVEMBER

GABBY MEECH

HEATHER SCHREUDER

SOPHIE EVANS

Contents

1. Production Team Page

2. Cast List Page

3. Equipment List

4. Studio Set Plan

5. Lighting

6.Props

7. Wardrobe

8. Schedule for the day

9. Storyboard

10. Song Lyrics

11. Shot List

Production Team

Heather Schreuder

-07745096963

Gabby Meech

-07866792821

Sophie Evans

-07500775738

Cast List

Karis Arghiros

Lead Singer

Tom Warhurst

Drums

Freddie Eastham

Guitar

Sophie Loughridge

Harp

Equipment List

Cameras: Sony PDI 50

JVC1500E

Tracking rails

Dolly

Smoke machine

Studio Set Plan

Human size bird cage

Swing inside the cage

Lighting

Bird cage set: Warm colours and simple three point lighting.

Band set: bars across them as though shadowed by the bird cage.

Props

What the school is providing:

Swing

Bird Cage

Guitar

Drums

Harp

What we are providing:

Vines & Flowers

Feathers

Old Microphone

Wardrobe

Pretty Dress for main girl

Shirt or tee shirts and jeans for other band members with accessories such as head bands necklaces and bracelets.

Lyrics

"Bird Song"

Well I didn't tell anyone, but a bird flew by.
Saw what I'd done. He set up a nest outside,
and he sang about what I'd become.
He sang so loud, sang so clear.
I was afraid all the neighbours would hear,
So I invited him in, just to reason with him.
I promised I wouldn't do it again.

But he sang louder and louder inside the house,
And no I couldn't get him out.
So I trapped him under a cardboard box.
stood on it to make him stop.
I picked up the bird and above the din I said
"That's the last song you'll ever sing".
Held him down, broke his neck,
Taught him a lesson he wouldn't forget.

But in my dreams began to creep
that old familiar tweet tweet tweet

I opened my mouth to scream and shout,
I waved my arms and flapped about.
But I couldn't scream and I couldn't shout,
couldn't scream and I couldn't shout.

I opened my mouth to scream and shout
waved my arms and flapped about
But I couldn't scream I couldn't shout,
The song was coming from my mouth.
From my mouth, X15

Schedule

Morning 9:00-11:00 : Karis in the bird cage

11:00- 11:15 - Break

11:15 - 1 :00 : Proceed shooting Karis

Afternoon 2:00 - 4:00: Shooting the band

4:00 - 4:15 - Break

4:15 - 6:00 : Proceed shooting the band

Shot List

Camera angle 1 (tracking shot outwards): shot 1

Camera angle 2 (front without bars): 2, 11, 17, 12, 26, 15

Camera angle 3 (harp) : 3, 8

Camera angle 4(guitar) : 6, 9, 37, 35

Camera angle 5(Drums) : 5, 10, 38, 40

Camera angle 4 (feathers on their own) : 16, 33

Camera angle 5 (face shots of people and lond shot of band moving around) : 18, 19, 20, 21 22, 23, 24, 25

Camera angle 6 (Front on with bars): 29, 32, 31, 34, 39, 41, 43, 47

Camera angle 7 (Side with bars): 27, 28, 30, 36, 45, 48

Camera angle 8 (cat) : 42, 44, 46, 48

Camera angle 9 (feather falling): 49

This is an example of a professional call sheet.

Set & Lighting Plan

This is our set design for the television studio on the day of our shoot. It also includes a tracking plan and the lighting rig we were going to use.

Set and lighting plans are important so that the set designers know what they are doing on the day of the shoot. It is also useful for when you shoot in different locations as they are a simple reminder to refer back to if you need to see your original plans on paper.

These plans are vital in the call sheet for the shoot day so that the director, cameraman, sound man and even the actors know how things will be layed out physically and how it will all work on the day.

Camera Test

Camera tests are used to check weather a person who may look pretty in real life, looks just as beautiful on camera. Usually it is not a problem but in some cases some people may be perceived differently due to the camera not reading their faces that well. Therefore is it always best to camera test your cast members before you start shooting.

For our camera test we met our lead singer Karis in the studio and put her in front of the camera. We were looking for somebody who suited the part of a pretty girl who looked beautiful yet unique; we were looking with somebody with long brown wavy hair that could potentially be curled more if necessary to give a more bohemian feel. So this is what we were looking for when we put Karis in front of the camera, not only that we were looking for all the regular things to see if her face looked alright on camera.

After we camera tested Karis and realised she worked on screen and also as well as that she would be easy to direct. This is because not only does she have a personality that is easy to get on with she is also in our house so therefore we can liaise with her easily. This is very useful as it is easy for us to keep her up to speed with what’s happening with the video as that way when she turns up to set on the shoot day she won’t be clueless and have to be completely filled in with what’s happening.

Storyboard

Storyboard is a plan you shoot to, if it works on paper then it is less expensive to do than to waste time on camera shooting for hours if not days. Story board work out the type of shot, angles, camera movements, mis en scene, colours and shapes and how the picture composition rules will be applied in the film.




Storyboards are used to build on the timeline so that you can visually see if your ideas will work, this also allows you to plot out what types of shots to use and why, for example during out tracking shot out from our singers face to her sitting on a swing we are planning on cutting to some close ups of people playing instruments in the band, this way it will break up a very long track but it will also allow the viewers to get a feel for the band and get to know them and be more aware of them. The storyboard can also be useful for planning how we will edit our video, for example our group was thinking about trying baletic editing, therefore when I drew the storyboard images I tried to see if that would work.

We will have several close ups of the lead singer and a few close ups of the other band members, this will help sell the brand and the band. The colours in the video will be kept quite light and summery as not only does it keep with the theme and nature of the song but it also keeps in with the nature of the band itself as they have quite a bohemian style.




As you can see in the story boards above they clearly illustrate what will happen in each shot, you can see in the storyboard on the left that there will be a wide shot of the girl swinging on the swing, an extreme close up to show her singing, a mid shot and then a shot of feathers falling to add in another element. This will hopefully be very useful for us when we come to edit as we can refer back to these storyboards to figure out our shot order and editing style.

You can see in the storyboard on the far left we use tracking shots to go along with the singer. These tracking shots would let the audience feel very intimate with our lead singer and therefore feel connected with her, also it is very aesthetically pleasing. It also allows the viewers to feel as if they are going along with our singer and feel more personal.

I researched into storyboarding and found this interesting tutorial on Shrek. This was very useful and interesting.

Timeline

A Timeline is the first chance to look at whether or not your ideas will work with the song you have picked. Timelines allow you to see if the right shots will fit in at the right places and see if the lyrics will match up with the shots. It allows you to see what works and what doesn’t work. For example in our timeline we managed to figure out that our tracking shots will work well in the slow parts of the song, we managed to listen to the song and look at how long each section was and time each of our shots.

So we realised we can get one long tracking shot which will start as an extreme close up of our singers lips and track out to eventually reveal her sitting on a sing. Something that didn’t work for us was trying to timeline a stylised sequence in our video in the style of ‘OK GO’, due to the fact that we didn’t know the exact movements in the sequence made it very difficult to try and plot the different shots within the timeline therefore this didn’t work very well.

Getting in a mess while editing - a man who did not have a timeline or a storyboard!!

Introduction to Music Industry

People’s music taste can be a controversial topic, almost to the point of tribalism. It is contentious because it defines and often signifies personalities and lifestyle. Musical taste is about the way you dress, speak and sometimes act. For example Punk, Goth, Indie, Mainstream and Techno.

However all commentators agree that music and all its trends sit at the epicenter of popular culture.Ideally with this pop video we hope to establish a band that will last for twenty to thirty years, but also to create a brand that will last and make money through various different multi-media areas.

It is this ‘dynamic tension’ that exists between the artist and commercial forces that underpins the success of this vast media business. However sometimes the lead singer becomes the star and can demand more money, as they believe they do all the work within the group and this can cause tension between the whole group and eventually lead to them breaking up.

Another type of tension that can arise is between the organic and synthetic groups. Organic groups put their music first, it is their music, clothes and their staging, everything the way they want it whereas synthetic groups are manufactured, created and made to fit the market. Our band is organic as their music is theirs and so is their style, they were not manufactured and if they establish themselves well they will hopefully be around for quite a while. We wanted the music video to show their organic quality and for the band to be themselves.

Another feature to consider is the music industry ‘synergetic connections’ with other media forms. This codependence with other media means that a ‘mutual reliance’ can be productive but also risky. This means that when we market the band if we have synergetic connections our band can be on TV, newspaper and magazine interviews that will all most likely be owned by the same company. We would also need to think about when the best time to show our band is. For example Britney spears was marketed toward children and therefore would appear on Saturday morning kids shows, or anywhere that kids would see. Our band would most likely appear on MTV as this markets itself to 15-25 year olds and that is the target audience for our band.

The pop video is only one stand of an often multimedia campaign. The campaign to sell our band will involve television, radio, newspapers, magazines, Internet and shopping malls.

Three main trans-national corporations dominate the music industry: Universal, Sony/BMG & EMI these are known as ‘The Majors’. Most majors own smaller subsidiaries companies in order to reach different audiences in different types of genre. These companies are known as ‘major-independents’ and finally there are a huge number of small companies with little or no connection to the majors, these are known as ‘independents’ and often concentrate of a small number of artist within a special niche in the industry.

The music video serves a number of different purposes, it promotes a single and normally an album as well as the band or artist. It creates or feeds into the ‘star image’ of the band, it entertains as a product in its own right and it reinforces or undermines the meaning of a song.

As a producer of a new band I recognize that not only are there many threats to me as a producer but also to the possibilities of my band. CDs are going out of fashion and people prefer to download instead, this poses a large problem as many people file share with friends for free and therefore thousands of sales are lost. However there are many ways we can market our band/brand through vidvert or I videos that we can play in shopping malls that include interviews with the band, the showing of the music video and then the conclusion of the interview. We can also do live feed interviews online to fans, where fans can ask the band questions live on the Internet.

That is the structure of the music video and that is the industry I am working in.

I researched into the music industry and found the link to a video that explains a bit about the industry. It doesn't properly start until around 0:50

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DL0PHgIb7Zg

Copyright Letter

To make sure that we didn't break any copyright laws we e-mailed the company the produces our bands song. This is a link to their website:

http://www.islandrecords.co.uk/

This is the letter we sent to the head of legal affairs to ask for permission to use their song in our music video:

Head of Copyright and Legal Affairs
Universal Island Records Ltd.
22 St Peter Square
London
W6 9NW September 30th 2010


Dear Sir or Madam

We are a group of A Level students working on an A Level project for a qualification in Media Studies. We are writing to request permission to use the following track as part of this project:

‘Bird Song’ by Florence and the Machine

With your permission the track would be used as the accompaniment to a short form video that is made purely for assessment purposes and will have no commercial usage. Only members of the school community and the assessor of the examination board will view the video.

The artist and the copyright holder will of course be fully recognized in the pre-production and evaluation material that accompanies the project. We can also include a full copyright notice if required both in the planning material and on the video itself.

Yours sincerely

Heather Schreuder
Hurtwood House School

Composition Rules

Film, Pop Videos and Television work because they have a language of their own which is visual. Kuleshov says we get 70% of meaning from images and pictures. Therefor as film makers we need to understand and use that language. There are about 200+ composition rules and these are the grammar and vocabulary of the visual language. In this blog I will try and explain the most important composition rules that I will try and convey in my pop video.

1.Different Types of Shot Size
2.Camera Position and Angle
3.Camera Movement
4.Lighting
5.Rule of Thirds
6.Leading The Eye
7.Colours
8.Shape and Lines
9.Detail Arrangement in the Frame
10.Editing Styles
11.Entering and Leaving the Frame.

1. Different Types of Shot Size

-Extreme Close Up

-Close Up. Used to convey emotion and detail, helps promote singer. Sells brand, as it is intimate and close to the band.

-Mid Shot. Fairly close, not that close, perhaps includes a bit of the body.

-Long Shot. Shows Action

-Extreme Long Shot. Shows surroundings.

-Wide Shot. Establishes surroundings.

2. Camera Position

- Straight On. Portrays the subject as flat and boring.
- 32˚ degrees round. Shows depth of field.
- Lower Height. Conveys subject as arrogant and powerful.
- Higher Angle. Conveys subject as humble.

3. Camera Movements

- Tracking. You can have several different types of tracking shots, for example: left to right, right to left, in to out or out to in. The shots are aesthetically pleasing (they are nice to look at) they can also be very intimate as the viewer feels they are travelling along with the character.

- Crane Shot. This shots from above and can come down or round, these shots are very aesthetically pleasing.

4. Lighting

Lighting in filmmaking is very important. To make the subjects look correct you usually need at least three separate lights, maybe even four. This is all to make sure that they don’t look to flat and have to many shadows. This is why you usually have your three key lights. The first light called the ‘Spot Light’ you direct straight at the subject your shooting, the purpose of this light is to initially light the subject. The downside of this light is that it will make your subject look very flat and give possible odd shadows, so this is where the second light comes in. The second light is usually placed on the 32˚ degree angle to get rid of shadows. It is known as the ‘Fill Light’. If there are still any shadows you may want to use a reflector. The third light is known as the ‘Back Light’ its purpose is to give a depth of field so the subject doesn’t look to flat and boring. It creates a 3D effect.

5. Rule of Thirds

Naturally the way we read a screen is from left to right at the top of the screen then left to right at the bottom of a screen. This creates four ‘hotspots’ in the frame when we scan a frame. This is why usually when we compose a shot it is good to get your main subject on one of those four hotspots.

6. Leading The Eye

Leading lines can help lead a viewer to what they are supposed to be looking at. For example if a road leads from the bottom left to the top right of the shot and your subject is standing in the top right of the shot, the viewers eyes will be lead to them through the lines.

7. Colours

Different colours effect the way we read things. For example red has connotations of anger or love. Therefore if you see the colour red we immediately make those connections. Therefore depending on the message you are trying to send in a scene depends on the colours you may use in wardrobe to reinforce your message.

8. Lines & Shape

Different lines and shapes can convey different things to an audience. There are many different types of lines and even the different thickness of lines can impact the way we read them. For example:
- Horizontal Lines are restful, calm or distant. It makes a viewer feel stable and peaceful.
- Perpendicular Lines convey height, dignity, impressiveness or aspiring qualities.
- Diagonal Lines express movement; they can be seen as artificial, bizarre or vital. Diagonals are often found in climaxes.
- Curved Lines express naturalness, femininity, intimacy and flexibility.
- Straight Lines convey strength, simplicity, severity and regularity.
Shapes also influence the way we read an image. We read different shapes in different ways this is why they can be a very important part of an image. For example:
- Circles. They have no beginning and no end, they represent the eternal whole. They are used to convey familiar objects like balls and wheels and they suggest completeness. Because they are less common in design they work well to attract attention, provide emphasis and set things apart.
- Squares and Rectangles. They are stable and familiar shapes and suggest honesty. Their right angels represent order and formality.
- Traingles. Triangles can represent stability with their solid base, or they can represent unreliability if turned on its head. They can direct movement depending on the direction they are facing and can be used to convey progression and purpose.

9. Detail Arrangement In The Frame

Detail Arrangement in the frame can include things like the dynamic triangle. This means that if a band is set up correctly and you have two guitarists at the front and a drummer at the back, the drummer can end up being the main point of focus in the dynamic triangle. Also the detail in the frame can include using suggestive objects in the frame to represent other things and make the viewer connect. For example in the picture above the woman is standing next to shelves of books, therefore the viewer connects that perhaps the woman is in a library or enjoys reading books.

10. Editing Styles

There are many different styles of editing used within pop videos. One of which looks quite interesting is ‘Balletic Editing’. Balletic editing is when each cut picks up were your eye left off. Because our eyes are taken in a circle it makes a viewer feel safer. A good example of this is in ‘The Wild Bunch’ when the wild bunch is shooting against the soldiers and everybody gets massacred. Because balletic editing is used the viewer doesn’t feel as horrified by the mass murder going on so in a way it is quite unsettling for an audience.

11.Entering & Leaving the Frame

People can enter and exit a frame from different sides. This can convey a lot of different meaning that viewers will subconsciously pick up on. For example:
- If they enter from the left, they are good
- If they enter from the right, they are bad
- If they enter from right but the camera tracks from the left then it will be undecided.
- Similarly if they enter from the left but track from the right then it will be undecided.